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• Jython compiles Python 2.7 to Java bytecode, allowing the use of Java libraries from a Python program.cite-ref-161[158]

• Pyrex (last released in 2010) and Shed Skin (last released in 2013) compile to C and C++ respectively.

A performance comparison among various Python implementations, using a non-numerical (combinatorial) workload, was presented at EuroSciPy '13.cite-ref-162[159] In addition, Python's performance relative to other programming languages is benchmarked by The Computer Language Benchmarks Game.cite-ref-163[160]

There are several approaches to optimizing Python performance, given the inherent slowness of an interpreted language. These approaches include the following strategies or tools:

• Just-in-time compilation: Dynamically compiling Python code just before it is executed. This technique is used in libraries such as Numba and PyPy.

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